Back يهود مديناتا Arabic Jehud (persische Provinz) German Επαρχία της Ιουδαίας Greek Yehud Medinata Spanish یهود مدینه Persian Yehoud Medinata French יהוד מדינתא HE Yehud (provincia babilonese) Italian 예후드 메디나타 Korean Jeúde Portuguese
Province of Judah Yêhūd Mêdīnāta (Aramaic) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 539 BCE–c. 332 BCE | |||||||||
 Standard of Cyrus the Great | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Status | Province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire | ||||||||
| Capital | Jerusalem 31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E | ||||||||
| Common languages | Aramaic, Hebrew, Old Persian | ||||||||
| Religion | Judaism, Samaritanism | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Jewish, Judean, Judahite, or Israelite | ||||||||
| Historical era | Axial Age | ||||||||
| c. 539 BCE | |||||||||
| 539 BCE | |||||||||
| 538 BCE | |||||||||
| 538 BCE | |||||||||
• Construction of the Second Jewish Temple in Jerusalem | 520–515 BCE | ||||||||
| c. 332 BCE | |||||||||
| Currency | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
Yehud Medinata,[1][2][3][4][5] also called Yehud Medinta[a] or simply Yehud, was an autonomous administrative division of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. It constituted a part of Eber-Nari and was bounded by Arabia to the south, lying along the frontier of the two satrapies. Spanning most of Judea—from the Shephelah in the west to the Dead Sea in the east—it was one of several Persian provinces in Palestine, together with Moab, Ammon, Gilead, Samaria, Ashdod, and Idumea, among others.[10] It existed for just over two centuries before the Greek conquest of Persia resulted in it being incorporated into the Hellenistic empires.
Following the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BCE, the Persian province of Yehud was established to absorb the Babylonian province of Yehud, which, in turn, had been established to absorb the Kingdom of Judah after the Jewish–Babylonian War. Upon the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Persian king Cyrus the Great issued the so-called Edict of Cyrus, which is described in the Hebrew Bible as his authorization and encouragement of the return to Zion, thereby ending the Babylonian captivity. Despite Cyrus' rehabilitation of the Jews, the Persian province's overall population is gauged as having been considerably smaller than that of the fallen Israelite kingdom. The name "Yehud Medinata" is originally Aramaic and was first introduced after the Babylonian conquest of Judah.[1]
- ^ a b Crotty, Robert Brian (2017). The Christian Survivor: How Roman Christianity Defeated Its Early Competitors. Springer. p. 25 f.n. 4. ISBN 978-981-10-3214-1. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
The Babylonians translated the Hebrew name [Judah] into Aramaic as Yehud Medinata ('the province of Judah') or simply 'Yehud' and made it a new Babylonian province. This was inherited by the Persians. Under the Greeks, Yehud was translated as Judaea and this was taken over by the Romans. After the Jewish rebellion of 135 CE, the Romans renamed the area Syria Palaestina or simply Palestine. The area described by these land titles differed to some extent in the different periods.
- ^ Spolsky, Bernard (2014). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-107-05544-5. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ Gooder, Paula (2013). The Bible: A Beginner's Guide. Beginner's Guides. Oneworld Publications. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-78074-239-7. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ "medinah". Bible Hub: Search, Read, Study the Bible in Many Languages. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ Philologos (21 March 2003). "The Jews of Old-Time Medina". Forward. The Forward Association. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
...in the book of Esther,...the opening verse of the Hebrew text tells us that King Ahasuerus ruled over 127 medinas from India to Ethiopia — which the Targum, the canonical Jewish translation of the Bible into Aramaic, renders not as medinata, 'cities,' but as pilkhin, 'provinces.'
- ^ Kalimi, Isaac (2005). An Ancient Israelite Historian: Studies in the Chronicler, His Time, Place and Writing. Studia Semitica Neerlandica. BRILL. pp. 12, 16, 89, 133, 157. ISBN 978-90-04-35876-8. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ Bar-Asher, Moshe (2014). Studies in Classical Hebrew. Studia Judaica, Volume 71 (reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 76. ISBN 978-3-11-030039-0. ISSN 0585-5306. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ Fleishman, Joseph (2009). Gershon Galil; Markham Geller; Alan Millard (eds.). To stop Nehemiah from building the Jerusalem wall: Jewish aristocrats triggered an economic crisis. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Brill. pp. 361-390 [369, 374, 376, 377, 384]. ISBN 978-90-474-4124-3. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Kochman, Michael (1981). Status and Territory of 'Yehud Medinta' in the Persian Period (dissertation) (in Hebrew). Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 247. ISBN 978-3-16-145240-6. Retrieved 28 September 2020 – via "Bibliography" (p. 247; just the work's title) in Kasher, Aryeh. "Jews, Idumaeans, and Ancient Arabs: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Nations of the Frontier and the Desert During the Hellenistic and Roman Era (332 BCE-70 CE)". Mohr Siebeck, 1988, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism Series (Volume 18), ISBN 9783161452406.
- ^ Klingbeil, Gerald A. (2016). When Not to "Tie the Knot": A Study of Exogamous Marriage in Ezra–Nehemiah Against the Backdrop of Biblical Legal Tradition. Berrien Springs, Michigan, United States: Andrews University. pp. 156–158.
The current thinking about Persian period Yehud entails an (ethnically) multi-faceted population, a much better understanding of its archaeology, as well as the interaction between the smallish province of Yehud with other Persian provinces in Palestine, including Moab, Ammon, Gilead, Samaria, Ashdod, Idumea, etc., that were all part of the fifth Persian satrapy called Ebir-Nāri. This interest is not only due to a more careful and differentiated analysis of the material culture (i.e., the archaeology of Persian period Palestine), but also to the fact that most modern scholars view this period as the hotbed of creative literary activity during which most books of the Hebrew Bible were edited or composed thus meriting a closer look.
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